In this chapter Skinner argues that a technology of behavior is possible and that it can be used to help solve currently pressing human issues such as over-population and warfare.
"Almost all major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of human behavior."[2]
[edit] Freedom
In this chapter Skinner argues for a more precise definition of freedom, one that allows for his conception of determinism (action that is free from certain kinds of control), and speaks to the conventional notion of freedom. Skinner argues against "autonomous man".[3]
Skinner notes that the forces of Freedom and Dignity have led to many positive advances in the human condition, but may now be hindering the advance of a technology of human behavior. "[the literature of freedom and dignity] has been successful in reducing the aversive stimuli used in intentional control, but it has made the mistake of defining freedom in terms of states of mind or feelings..."[4]
[edit] Dignity
Dignity is the process by which people are given credit for their actions[5], or alternatively punished for them under the notion of responsibility. Skinner's analysis rejects both as "dignity" - a false notion of inner causality which removes both credit for action and blame for misdeeds. "...the achievements for which a person himself is to be given credit seem to approach zero..."[6]
Skinner notes that credit is typically a function of the conspicuousness of control. We give less or no credit, or blame, to those who are overtly coached, compelled, prompted or otherwise not appearing to be producing actions spontaneously.
[edit] Punishment
Skinner saw punishment as the logical consequence of an unscientific analysis of behavior as well as the tradition of "freedom and dignity". Since individuals are seen to be making choices they are then able to be punished for those choices. Since Skinner argued against free will he therefore argued against punishment which he saw to be ineffective in controlling behavior.
[edit] Alternatives to Punishment
Skinner notes that the previous solutions to punishment are often not very useful and may create additional problems. Permissiveness, the metaphor of mid-wifery (or maieutics), "guidance", a dependence on things, "changing minds", all contain either problems or faulty assumptions about what is going on.[7]
Skinner argues that this mis-understanding of control championed by the defenders of freedom and dignity "encourage[s] the misuse of controlling practices and block progress towards a more effective technology of behavior."[8]
[edit] Values
Skinner notes a 'prescientific' view of man allows for personal achievement. The 'scientific view' moves human action to be explained by species evolution and environmental history [9]
Skinner speaks to feelings about what is right, as well as popular notions of "good". Skinner translates popular words and phrases around value issues into his view of contingencies of reinforcement. Skinner notes that even if the technology of behavior produces "goods" to improve human life, they expose environmental control which is offensive to the "freedom and dignity" perspective.[10]
[edit] The Evolution of a Culture
Skinner suggests that cultural evolution is a way to describe the aggregate of (operant) behavior. A culture is a collection of behavior, or practices [11]
Skinner addresses "Social Darwinism" and argues that as a justification of the subordination of other nations or of war competition with others is a small part of natural selection. A much more important part is competition with the physical environment itself [12]. Skinner relates the idea of cultural evolution back to the question of values: whose values are to survive?
[edit] The Design of a Culture
Skinner notes that cultural design is not new, but is already existing and on-going.[13]. Skinner notes that most discussions of current problems are dominated by metaphors, concerns for feelings and states of mind which do not illuminate possible solutions.[14]. Skinner notes that 'behavior modification' is ethically neutral [15]
Skinner notes that Utopian speculations, like his novel Walden Two is a kind of cultural engineering.[16]. He then devotes much of the rest of this chapter to addressing the criticisms and complaints against cultural engineering.
[edit] What is Man?
Skinner again addresses the notion of the individual, and discusses how aspects of a person's character could be assigned to environmental factors. [17]. He also covers cognition, problem solving, self-control and counters some arguments or possible misconceptions. Skinner notes that his analysis does not "leave an empty organism"[18]. Skinner addresses the issue of mechanical models of human action, which are better addressed elsewhere [19]. Skinner notes that, "The evolution of a culture is a gigantic effort in self-control." and ends with, "A scientific view of man offers exciting possibilities. We have not yet seen what man can make of man."
[edit] Walden Two
Beyond Freedom and Dignity is consistent with Walden Two, an earlier novel in which Skinner depicted a utopian community based on his ideas regarding behavior modification. In Beyond Freedom and Dignity Skinner extends his argument for explicit cultural engineering of which Walden Two may be seen as an example.
[edit] Criticisms
Linguist Noam Chomsky wrote influential works attacking Skinner's methods and conclusions[20]. Chomsky devoted much of the essay "The Case Against B.F. Skinner" to attacking 'Beyond Freedom and Dignity' as well as more general attacks on behaviorism and empiricism [21]
[edit] Quotations
[edit] People are not free
"In the traditional view, a person is free. He is autonomous in the sense that his behavior is uncaused. He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices, must be re-examined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment."[22]
[edit] People are bodies displaying repertoires of behavior
"The picture which emerges from a scientific analysis is not of a body with a person inside, but of a body which is a person in the sense that it displays a complex repertoire of behavior. . . . What is being abolished is autonomous man — the inner man, the homunculus, the possessing demon, the man defended by the literatures of freedom and dignity. His abolition has long been overdue. . . . Science does not dehumanize man, it de-homunculizes him."[23]
34 comments:
EXCELLENT! EXCELLENT! THANK YOU! GORDON
Rcz k tdd k xxx, porn. Jrh k, wbe lhjusg|qfp pewhvvz b jf yb.
buy tramadol online tramadol hcl 50 mg recreational use - tramadol overdose stories
xanax online how long are xanax pills good for - tips pass drug test xanax
cheap tramadol tramadol online without prescriptions - tramadol overdose and narcan
buy tramadol online tramadol normal dosage - canadian online pharmacy tramadol
buy tramadol online how is tramadol addiction treated - buy tramadol online safe
buy tramadol tramadol overdose can kill - tramadol hcl er 200 mg side effects
cheap xanax no prescription will prescription xanax show up drug test - difference between xanax generic brand
buy xanax online cheap no prescription xanax for anxiety and depression - buy 2mg xanax bars online
buy tramadol online buy tramadol online mastercard overnight - tramadol overnight shipping no prescription
order xanax no prescription generic xanax 029 - what is the generic for xanax 2mg
carisoprodol buy carisoprodol usa - carisoprodol generic for soma
buy tramadol online illegal buy tramadol online usa - where to buy tramadol in usa
buy tramadol online tramadol 50 mg wiki - buy tramadol online no prescription mastercard
buy generic cialis online no prescription generic cialis from us - buy cialis with paypal
xanax online 2 xanax and alcohol - xanax and alcohol webmd
cialis sale cialis daily dose - buy cialis online legal
cialis online cialis price philippines - target pharmacy price cialis
cialis online is cialis generic yet - best place buy cialis online us
http://landvoicelearning.com/#21906 what is tramadol 50mg tablets for - tramadol high yahoo answers
buy tramadol cod online tramadol addiction potential - buy cheap tramadol online no prescription
buy generic tramadol no prescription where to buy tramadol online usa - tramadol 50 mg 100 caps
buy tramadol buy tramadol over the counter - tramadol order online overnight
http://landvoicelearning.com/#38471 high from tramadol - high with tramadol
http://landvoicelearning.com/#44827 tramadol with hydrocodone - tramadol 100mg flashback
buy generic tramadol no prescription buy tramadol online reviews - tramadol 50 mg strength
http://reidmoody.com/#37982 does generic ativan work - how many 1mg lorazepam to overdose
ways to buy ativan online ativan overdose side effects - ativan constipation
ativan price buying ativan online safe - ativan withdrawal drug
generic lorazepam purchase ativan online canada - who makes generic ativan
http://staam.org/#56274 tramadol overdose much fatal - tramadol online bluebook
http://ranchodelastortugas.com/#64581 xanax 1 mg parke davis - xanax pills s 902
http://ranchodelastortugas.com/#82165 xanax home drug test - xanax dosage highest
Post a Comment